First. Excessively high/low temperature
Excessively high or low PV module temperatures can negatively affect the performance of the PV power system. The following are the causes and effects as well as the corresponding measures:
1. Causes of excessive temperature: solar radiation, heat conduction, shadow coverage, etc.
Impact: Reduces the conversion efficiency of the module. Excessive temperature also shortens the service life of the PV module.
Measures: Install heat sinks in front of the modules to discharge excess heat. Choose appropriate installation locations, taking care to avoid shading by vegetation and buildings, while maintaining air circulation. Use high-quality modules, and prefer modules with smaller temperature coefficients.
2. Reasons for low temperature: low temperature, snow accumulation, etc.
Impact: Low temperature will reduce the electrical performance of the module and lower the power generation.
Measures: Improve the solar radiation and heat absorption ability of the module, you can coat the surface of the module with compound film, increase the thickness of the glass can reduce the temperature loss. At the same time, keep the module dry and clean to reduce the impact of frost and snow on the module. Prevent snow from crushing the frame of the module.

Second, blockage/contamination:
Blockage/pollution of PV modules can negatively affect the performance of PV power generation systems, the causes and effects of which are described below, along with the corresponding measures:
1. Causes of blockage/contamination: vegetation, dust, fallen leaves, bird droppings, etc.
Impact: The build-up will affect the ability of the module to receive sunlight, reduce the conversion efficiency of the module, and may even damage the module.
Measures: Regularly clean the module, you can use a soft brush or wet rag to clean the surface, to prevent the use of hard brushes or high-pressure water guns that can cause scratches or shatters on the surface of the module. Professional cleaning agents can be used to clean the dirt, avoid using cleaning agents containing acid and alkali components. At the same time, you can add anti-bird equipment to exclude birds from the range of PV modules to avoid affecting the normal use of the module.
2. Clogging/contamination causes: Weather causes such as rainfall and flooding.
Impact: Rain will make the module surface accumulate rainwater, and flooding will submerge the PV module, affecting the efficiency of PV power generation.
Measures: Clean up debris on the surface of the module to prevent accumulation of water, and drain the water in time to avoid flooding.
3. Cause of blockage/pollution: Air pollution.
Impact: Air pollution will greatly increase the dirt and dust on the surface of the module, reducing the light collection efficiency of the module. It affects the cell output current, total output power, module surface material, and life span.
Measures: Install filters in front of PV modules to block dust and other pollutants in the air. Regularly check and replace the filter, while regularly cleaning the surface of the module to avoid excessive pollutants compressing the efficiency of the module.

Third. Low light absorption:
Low light absorption usually leads to its conversion efficiency is not high, affecting the performance of PV power generation system. The following are the causes and effects of low light absorption, as well as the corresponding measures:
1. Cause: High reflectivity of the PV module surface.
Impact: Light reflected through the surface of the module cannot be converted into electricity, resulting in lower conversion efficiency of the PV module.
Measures: Reflective film can be added to reduce reflection and improve the utilisation rate of the module.
2. Cause: Accumulation of dust and dirt on the module surface.
Impact: Accumulation of dust and dirt and other debris on the surface of the module will block the sunlight from entering the module, affecting the effect of absorbing light and leading to a reduction in the efficiency of photovoltaic power generation.
Measures: Regularly clean the module surface to remove accumulated dust and dirt. Professional cleaning tools and cleaning agents can be used to clean the module surface regularly.
3. Cause: The unreasonable installation angle of the PV module leads to the light not being able to incident vertically to the surface of the module.
Impact: If the light cannot be incident vertically to the surface of the PV module, it will lead to the dispersion of the light energy, making the efficiency of the module lower.
Measures: Determine a reasonable installation angle based on factors such as local latitude and longitude, climate and annual light conditions. Care should be taken during design and installation to ensure that the sun shines directly on the surface of the PV module to maximise its efficiency in absorbing light.
4. Cause: Low absorptivity of the material of the PV module itself.
Impact: The low absorbency of the material means that the module cannot fully absorb sunlight, affecting the efficiency of PV power generation.
Measures: Use high-performance PV module materials to improve the absorption rate.

Four. Short circuit between modules:
Low light absorption of PV modules usually leads to their low conversion efficiency, affecting the performance of PV power generation systems. The following are the causes and effects of low light absorption and the corresponding measures:
1. Cause: High reflectivity of the PV module surface.
Impact: Light reflected through the surface of the module cannot be converted into electricity, resulting in lower conversion efficiency of the PV module.
Measures: Reflective film can be added to reduce reflection and improve the utilisation rate of the module.
2. Cause: Accumulation of dust and dirt on the module surface.
Impact: Accumulation of dust and dirt and other debris on the surface of the module will block the sunlight from entering the module, affecting the effect of absorbing light and leading to a reduction in the efficiency of photovoltaic power generation.
Measures: Regularly clean the module surface to remove accumulated dust and dirt. Professional cleaning tools and cleaning agents can be used to clean the module surface regularly.
3. Cause: The unreasonable installation angle of the PV module leads to the light not being able to incident vertically to the surface of the module.
Impact: If the light cannot be incident vertically to the surface of the PV module, it will lead to the dispersion of the light energy, making the efficiency of the module lower.
Measures: Determine a reasonable installation angle based on factors such as local latitude and longitude, climate and annual light conditions. Care should be taken during design and installation to ensure that the sun shines directly on the surface of the PV module to maximise its efficiency in absorbing light.
4. Cause: Low absorptivity of the material of the PV module itself.
Impact: The low absorbency of the material means that the module cannot fully absorb sunlight, affecting the efficiency of PV power generation.
Measures: Use high-performance PV module materials to improve the absorption rate.

Five. Improper installation, etc.
Improper installation may lead to lower power generation efficiency of the PV system, shorten the life of the module, and safety hazards and other problems. The following are the main causes and effects of improper installation of PV modules, as well as the corresponding measures:
1. Cause: Unstable anchorage or support structure.
Impact: Unstable support structures can affect the orientation and tilt angle of the modules, resulting in light energy not being collected effectively, affecting the system's power generation efficiency and potentially leading to safety hazards in the system.
Measures: When installing fixed anchors or brackets, ensure that they are firm, reliable and durable. At the same time, the force should be controlled when hanging the bracket hooks to ensure the smoothness and firmness of the bracket.
2. Cause: The distance between components is too small or the installation angle is improper.
Impact: Improper distance between modules or improper mounting angle will lead to mutual obstruction between modules, reducing the light area and thus lowering the power generation efficiency of the PV system.
Measures: According to the size of the PV modules and the light demand, ensure the correct distance and angle between the PV modules to ensure the maximum use of light.
3. Cause: Improper selection of accessories.
Impact: Improper selection of fittings, such as cable wires that are too soft and connectors that are of poor quality, will bring difficulties and instability to the installation, and in serious cases, may even lead to electrical problems, affecting the safety of the PV system and power generation efficiency.
Measures: Choose high-quality cable wires and connectors and other accessories that meet the standards, and pay attention to the applicability and compatibility of their selection and installation, so as to ensure the efficient and stable operation of the PV system.



Translated with DeepL.com (free version)